B.F. Skinner's Bibliography
1930
On the conditions of
elicitation of certain eating reflexes. Proceedings of the
On the inheritance of maze behavior. Journal of General Psychology, 1930, 4, 342-46.
The progressive increase in the geotropic response of the ant Aphaenogaster. Journal of General Psychology, 1930, 4, 102-12. (with T. C. Barnes [1])
1931
The concept of the reflex in the description of behavior. Journal of General Psychology, 1931, 5, 427-58.
1932
Drive and reflex strength. Journal of General Psychology, 1932, 6, 22-37.
Drive and reflex strength: II. Journal of General Psychology, 1932, 6, 38-48.
On the rate of formation of a conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology, 1932, 7, 274-86.
A paradoxical color effect. Journal of General Psychology, 1932, 7, 481-82.
1933
The abolishment of a
discrimination. Proceedings of the
The measurement of "spontaneous activity." Journal of General Psychology, 1933, 9, 3-23.
On the rate of extinction of a conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology, 1933, 8, 114-29.
The rate of establishment of a discrimination. Journal of General Psychology, 1933, 9, 302-50.
"Resistance to extinction" in the process of conditioning. Journal of General Psychology, 1933, 9, 420-29.
Some conditions affecting intensity and duration thresholds in motor nerve, with reference to chronaxie of subordination. American Journal of Physiology, 1933, 106, 721-37. (with E. F. Lambert [1] & A. Forbes [3])
1934
A discrimination without previous conditioning. Proceedings
of the
The extinction of chained
reflexes. Proceedings
of the
Has Gertrude Stein a secret? Atlantic Monthly, January 1934, pp. 50-57.
1935
A discrimination based upon a change in the properties of a stimulus. Journal of General Psychology, 1935, 12, 313-36.
The generic nature of the concepts of stimulus and response. Journal of General Psychology, 1935, 12, 40-65.
Two types of conditioned reflex and pseudo type. Journal of General Psychology, 1935, 12, 66-77.
1936
Conditioning and extinction and their relation to drive. Journal of General Psychology, 1936, 14, 296-317.
The effect on the amount of conditioning of an interval of time before reinforcement. Journal of General Psychology, 1936, 14, 279-95.
A failure to obtain "disinhibition." Journal of General Psychology, 1936, 14, 127-35.
The reinforcing effect of a differentiating stimulus. Journal of General Psychology, 1936, 14, 263-78.
Thirst as an arbitrary drive. Journal of General Psychology, 1936, 15, 205-10.
The verbal summator and a method for the study of latent speech. Journal of General Psychology, 1936, 2, 71-107.
1937
Changes in hunger during starvation. Psychological Record, 1937, 1, 51-60. (with W. T. Heron [1])
The distribution of associated words. Psychological Record, 1937, 1, 71-76.
Effects of caffeine and benzedrine upon conditioning and extinction. Psychological Record, 1937, 1, 340-46. (with W. T. Heron [2])
Two types of conditioned reflex: A reply to Konorski and Miller. Journal of General Psychology, 1937, 16, 272-79.
1938
The behavior of organisms: An experimental
analysis.
1939
The alliteration in Shakespeare's sonnets: A study in literary behavior. Psychological Record, 1939, 3, 186-92.
An apparatus for the study of animal behavior. Psychological Record, 1939, 3, 166-76. (with W. T. Heron [1])
Some factors influencing the distribution of associated words. Psychological Record, 1939, 3, 178-84. (with S. W. Cook [1])
1940
A method of maintaining an arbitrary degree of hunger. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 1940, 30, 139-45.
The rate of extinction in maze-bright and maze-dull rats. Psychological Record, 1940, 4, 11-18. (with W. T. Heron [1])
1941
The psychology of design. In Art education today.
A quantitative estimate of certain types of sound-patterning in poetry. American Journal of Psychology, 1941, 54, 64-79.
Some quantitative properties of anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1941, 29, 390-400. (with W. K. Estes [1])
1942
The processes involved in the repeated guessing of alternatives. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1942, 30, 495-503.
1943
Reply to Dr. Yacorzynski. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1943, 32, 93-94.
1945
Baby in a box. Ladies' Home Journal, October 1945, pp. 30-31, 135-36, 138.
The operational analysis of psychological terms. Psychological Review, 1945, 52, 270-77, 291-94.
1947
An automatic shocking-grid apparatus for continuous use. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1947, 40, 305-307. (with S. L. Campbell [2])
Experimental psychology. In W. Dennis et al., Current trends in psychology.
1948
Card-guessing experiments. American Scientist, 1948, 36, 456, 458.
'Superstition' in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1948, 38, 168-72.
Walden two.
1950
Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 1950, 57, 193-216.
1951
How to teach animals. Scientific American, 1951, 185(12), 26-29.
1953
Science and human
behavior.
Some contributions of an experimental analysis of behavior to psychology as a whole. American Psychologist, 1953, 8, 69-78.
1954
A critique of psychoanalytic concepts and theories. Scientific Monthly, 1954, 79, 300-305.
The science of learning and the art of teaching. Harvard Educational Review, 1954, 24, 86-97.
1955
The control of human
behavior. Transactions
of the
Freedom and the control of men. American Scholar, Winter 1955-56, 25, 47-65.
1956
A case history in scientific method. American Psychologist, 1956, 11, 221-33.
Some issues concerning the control of human behavior: A symposium. Science, 1956, 124, 1057-66. (with C. R. Rogers [1])
What is psychotic behavior? In Theory and
treatment of the psychoses: Some newer aspects.
1957
Concurrent activity under fixed-interval reinforcement. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1957, 50, 279-81. (with W. H. Morse [2])
The experimental analysis of behavior. American Scientist, 1957, 45, 343-71.
The psychological point of
view. In H. D. Kruse (Ed.), Integrating the approaches to mental disease.
Schedules of
reinforcement.
A second type of superstition in the pigeon. American Journal of Psychology, 1957, 70, 308-11. (with W. H. Morse [1])
Verbal behavior.
1958
Diagramming schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1958, 1, 67-68.
Fixed-interval reinforcement of running in a wheel. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1958, 1, 371-79. (with W. H. Morse [2])
Reinforcement today. American Psychologist, 1958, 13, 94-99.
Some factors involved in the stimulus control of operant behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1958, 1, 103-107. (with W. H. Morse [1])
Sustained performance during the very long experimental sessions. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1958, 1, 235-44. (with W. H. Morse [2])
Teaching machines. Science, 1958, 128, 969-77.
1959
Animal research in the
pharmacotherapy of mental disease.
In J. Cole & R. Gerard (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: Problems in
evaluation.
Cumulative record.
The flight from the
laboratory. In
B. F. Skinner, Cumulative record.
John Broadus Watson, behaviorist. Science, 1959, 129, 197-98.
The programming of verbal
knowledge. In E. Galanter (Ed.), Automatic teaching: The state of the
art.
1960
Concept formation in
philosophy and psychology. In S.
Hook (Ed.), Dimensions of mind: A symposium.
Modem learning theory and some new approaches
to teaching. In J. W. Gustad (Ed.),
Faculty utilization and retention.
Pigeons in a pelican. American Psychologist, 1960, 15, 28-37.
Special problems in
programming language instruction for teaching machines. In F. J. Oinas
(Ed.), Language teaching today.
Teaching machines. The Review of Economics and Statistics, August 1960 (Supplement), 42, 189-91.
The use of teaching
machines in college instruction (Parts II-IV). In A. A. Lumsdaine & R.
Glaser (Eds.), Teaching machines and programmed learning: A source book.
1961
The analysis of behavior: A program for
self-instruction.
The design of cultures. Daedalus, 1961, 90, 534-46.
Learning theory and future
research. In J. Lysaught (Ed.), Programmed
learning: Evolving principles and industrial applications.
Teaching machines. Scientific American, 1961, 205(11), 90-102.
The theory behind teaching machines. Journal of the American Society of Training Directors, July 1961, 15, 27-29.
Why we need teaching machines. Harvard Educational Review, 1961, 31, 377-98.
1962
Operandum. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1962, 5, 224.
Squirrel in the yard: Certain sciurine experiences of B. F. Skinner. Harvard Alumni Bulletin, 1962, 64, 642-45.
Technique for reinforcing either of two organisms with a single food magazine. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1962, 5, 58. (with G. S. Reynolds [1])
Two "synthetic social relations." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1962, 5, 531-33.
Verbal behavior. Encounter, November 1962, pp. 42-44. (with
1963
Behaviorism at fifty. Science, 1963, 140, 951-58.
A Christmas caramel, or, a plum from the hasty pudding. The Worm Runner's Digest, 1963, 5(2), 42-46.
Conditioned and unconditioned aggression in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1963, 6, 73-74. (with G. S. Reynolds [1] & A. C. Catania [2])
L'avenir des machines A enseigner. Psychologie Francaise, 1963, 8, 170-80.
Operant behavior. American Psychologist, 1963, 18, 503-15.
Reflections on a decade of teaching machines. Teachers College Record, 1963, 65, 168-77.
Reply to Thouless. Australian Journal of Psychology, 1963, 15, 92-93.
1964
"Man." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1964, 108, 482-85.
New methods and new aims in teaching. New Scientist, 1964, 122, 483-84.
On the relation between mathematical and statistical competence and significant scientific productivity. The Worm Runner's Digest, 1964, 6(l), 15-17. (published under the pseudonym, F. Galtron Pennywhistle)
1965
Stimulus generalization in an operant: A
historical note. In D. I. Mostofsky
(Ed.), Stimulus generalization. Stanford:
The technology of teaching. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 1965, 162, 427-43.
Why teachers fail. Saturday Review,
1966
Conditioning responses by
reward and punishment. Proceedings
of the Royal Institution of
Contingencies of reinforcement in the design of a culture. Behavioral Science, 1966, 11, 159-66.
An operant analysis of
problem solving. In B. Kleinmuntz (Ed.), Problem solving: Research, method, and
theory.
The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior. Science, 1966, 153, 1205-13.
Some responses to the stimulus "Pavlov." Conditional Reflex, 1966, 1, 74-78.
What is the experimental analysis of behavior? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1966, 9, 213-18.
1967
B. F. Skinner ... An
autobiography. In E. G. Boring
& G. Lindzey (Eds.), A
history of psychology in autobiography (Vol. 5).
The problem of consciousness--a debate. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 1967, 2 7, 317-37. (with B. Blanshard [1])
Utopia through the control
of human behavior. The Listener,
Visions of utopia. The Listener,
1968
The design of experimental
communities. In International
encyclopedia of the social sciences (Vol. 16).
Development of methods
of preparing materials for teaching machines.
Handwriting with write
and see.
The science of human
behavior. In Twenty-five years
at RCA laboratories 1942-1967.
Teaching science in high school--What is wrong? Science, 1968, 159, 704-10.
The technology of
teaching.
1969
Contingencies of reinforcement: A
theoretical analysis.
Contingency management in the classroom. Education, 1969, 90, 93-100.
Edwin Garrigues
Boring. In The American
Philosophical Society: Yearbook 1968.
The machine that is man. Psychology Today, April 1969, pp. 20-25, 60-63.
1970
Creating the creative
artist. In A. J. Toynbee et al., On the future of art.
1971
Autoshaping. Science, 1971, 173, 752.
A behavioral analysis of
value judgments. In E. Tobach, L. R. Aronson, & E. Shaw (Eds.), The
biopsychology of development.
Beyond freedom and
dignity.
B. F. Skinner says what's wrong with the
social sciences. The Listener,
Humanistic behaviorism. The Humanist, May/June 1971, 31, 35.
Operant conditioning. In The encyclopedia of education,
Vol. 7.
1972
Compassion and ethics in
the care of the retardate. In B.
F. Skinner, Cumulative record (3rd ed).
Freedom and dignity revisited. New York
Times,
Humanism and behaviorism. The Humanist, July/August 1972, 32, 18-20.
A lecture on "having a
poem." In B. F. Skinner, Cumulative
record (3rd ed.).
Some relations between
behavior modification and basic research. In B. F. Skinner, Cumulative record (3rd ed.).
1973
Answers for my critics. In H. Wheeler (Ed.), Beyond
the punitive society.
Are we free to have a future? Impact, 1973, 3(l), 5-12.
The free and happy student.
Reflections on meaning and
structure. In R. Brower, H. Vendler, & J. Hollander (Eds.),
Some implications of making
education more efficient. In C. E. Thoresen (Ed.), Behavior
modification in education.
Walden (one) and Walden Two. The Thoreau Society Bulletin, Winter 1973, pp. 1-3.
1974
About behaviorism.
Designing higher education. Daedalus, 1974, 103, 196-202.
1975
Comments on Watt's "B. F. Skinner and the technological control of social behavior." The American Political Science Review, 1975, 69, 228-29.
The ethics of helping people. Criminal Law Bulletin, 1975, 11, 623-36.
The shaping of phylogenic behavior. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 1975, 35, 409-15.
The steep and thorny way to
a science of behaviour. In R. Harre (Ed.), Problems
of scientific revolution: Progress and obstacles to progress in the sciences.
1976
Farewell, my LOVELY! Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1976, 25, 218.
Particulars of my life.
1977
Between freedom and despotism. Psychology Today, September 1977, pp. 80-82, 84, 86, 90-91.
The experimental analysis
of operant behavior. In R. W. Rieber & K. Salzinger (Eds.),
The roots of American psychology: Historical
influences and implications for the future (Annals of the New York Academy
of Sciences, Vol. 29 1).
The force of coincidence. In B. C. Etzel, J. M.
LeBlanc, & D. M. Baer (Eds.), New developments in behavioral psychology:
Theory, method, and application.
Freedom, at last, from the
burden of taxation. New York
Times,
Herrnstein and the evolution of behaviorism. American Psychologist, 1977, 32, 1006-12.
Why I am not a cognitive psychologist. Behaviorism, 1977, 5, 1-10.
1978
Reflections on
behaviorism and society.
Why don't we use the behavioral sciences? Human Nature, March 1978, 1, 86-92.
A happening at the annual
dinner of the Association for Behavioral Analysis,
1979
Le renforcateur arrange. Revue de modification du comportement, 1979, 9, 59-69. (translated into French by Raymond Beausoleil)
My experience with the baby-tender. Psychology Today, March 1979, pp. 28-31, 34, 37-38, 40. (an expanded excerpt from The Shaping of a Behaviorist [1979])
The shaping of a behaviorist: Part two of
an autobiography.
1980
Notebooks.
Resurgence of responding
after the cessation of response-independent reinforcement. Proceedings of the
The species-specific behavior of ethologists. The Behavior Analyst, 1980, 3(l), 51.
Symbolic communication between two pigeons. (Columba livia domestics). Science, 1980, 207, 543-45. (with R. Epstein [1] & R. P. Lanza [2])
1981
Charles B. Ferster--A personal memoir. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1981, 35, 259-61.
How to discover what you have to say--A talk to students. The Behavior Analyst, 1981, 4(l), 1-7.
Pavlov's influence on
psychology in
Selection by consequences. Science, 1981, 213, 501-504.
"Self-awareness" in the pigeon. Science, 1981, 212, 695-96. (with R. Epstein [1] & R. P. Lanza [2])
The spontaneous use of memoranda by pigeons. Behaviour Analysis Letters, 1981, 1, 241-46. (with R. Epstein [1])
1982
Contrived reinforcement. The Behavior Analyst, 1982, 5, 3-8.
"I am most concerned. . . ." Psychology Today, May 1982, pp. 48-49. (part of "Understanding Psychological Man: A State-of-the-Science Report," pp. 40-59)
"Lying" in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1982, 38, 201-203. (with R. P. Lanza [1] & J. Starr [2])
Skinner for the
classroom.
1983
A better way to deal with selection. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1983,3, 377-78.
Can the experimental analysis of behavior rescue psychology? The Behavior Analyst, 1983, 6, 9-17.
Enjoy old age: A program of self
management.
Intellectual self-management in old age. American Psychologist, 1983, 38, 239-44.
A matter of consequences: Part three of an
autobiography.
1984
Canonical papers of B. F. Skinner. The
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1984, 7, 473-724. (edited
by A. C. Catania & S. Harnad,
with numerous commentators; reprinted in book form under the title, The
selection of consequences: The operant behaviorism of B. F. Skinner: Comments
and consequences [
The evolution of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1984, 41, 217-21.
The shame of American education. American Psychologist, 1984, 39, 947-54.
1985
Cognitive science and behaviourism. British Journal of Psychology, 1985, 76, 291-301.
News from nowhere, 1984. The Behavior Analyst, 1985, 8, 5-14.
Reply to Place: "Three senses of the word 'tact.'" Behaviorism, 1985, 13, 75-76.
Toward the cause of peace: What can
psychology contribute? In S. Oskamp (Ed.), International
conflict and national public policy issues (Applied Social Psychology
Annual 6).
1986
B. F. Skinner ["The books that have been
most important. . ."]. In C. M. Devine, C. M. Dissel,
& K. D. Parrish (Eds.), The Harvard guide to influential books: 113
distinguished Harvard professors discuss the books that have helped to shape
their thinking.
The evolution of verbal behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1986, 45, 115-22.
Programmed instruction revisited. Phi Delta Kappan, 1986, 68, 103-10. Sleeping in peace. Free Inquiry, Summer 1986, 6, 57.
Some thoughts about the future. Journal of the Experimented Analysis of Behavior, 1986, 45, 229-35.
What is wrong with daily life in the western world? American Psychologist, 1986, 41, 568-74.
1987
A humanist alternative to A. A.'s Twelve Steps. The Humanist, July/August 1987, 47, 5.
Outlining a science of
feeling. The Times Literary
Supplement,
A thinking aid. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1987, 20, 379-80.
Upon further reflection.
What religion means to me. Free Inquiry, Spring 1987, 7, 12-13.
Whatever happened to psychology as the science of behavior? American Psychologist, 1987, 42, 780-86.
1988
A fable. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 1988, 6, 1-2.
Genes and behavior. In G. Greenberg & E. Tobach (Eds.), Evolution of social behavior and
integrative levels.
The operant side of behavior therapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1988, 19, 171-79.
Signs and countersigns. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1988, 11, 466-67.
A statement on punishment. APA Monitor, June 1988, p. 22.
War, peace, and behavior analysis: Some comments. Behavior Analysis and Social Action, 1988, 6, 57-58.
1989
The behavior of organisms
at fifty. In B. F. Skinner, Recent
issues in the analysis of behavior.
The behavior of the
listener. In S. C. Hayes (Ed.), Rule-govemed behavior: Cognition, contingencies, and instructional
control.
The initiating self. In B. F. Skinner, Recent issues in the analysis of
behavior.
The origins of cognitive thought. American Psychologist, 1989, 44, 13-18.
Recent issues in the analysis of behavior.
The school of the future. In B. F. Skinner, Recent issues in the analysis of
behavior.
1990
Can psychology be a science of mind? American Psychologist, 1990, 45, 1206-10.
The non-punitive society. Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis, 1990, 5, 98-106.
To know the future. The Behavior Analyst, 1990, 13, 103-106. (published concurrently in C. Fadiman
[Ed.], Living philosophies: The reflections of some eminent men and women of
our time.
1993
A world of our own. Behaviorology, 1993, 1, 3-5.
2004
Psychology in the
year 2000. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2004,
81, 207-213.